A mother expressed her concern about extremist content poisoning the
minds of boys as they use the internet, in a post that went viral. She
thinks there are warning signs parents should heed.
In an age
where anyone can access just about anything on the internet, white boys
in the US seem particularly at risk from dangerous radicalisation
online.
Many mass shooting suspects in the US have three things in common: They are young, white and male.
The suspect behind the El Paso shooting that killed 22 people in Texas is believed to have posted a racist manifesto online.
Police
investigating a deadly attack in Dayton the following day said the
gunman was influenced by a "violent ideology", although no motive has
been disclosed.
The dangers of the internet are not a novel
talking point for parents and teachers, but these most recent tragedies
have sparked renewed debate over what families can - and should - do
when it comes to raising white boys in America.
"The red flags started going up for us when, a year
or so ago, [our kids] started asking questions that felt like they came
directly from alt-right talking points," says Joanna Schroeder, a Los
Angeles-based writer, media critic and mother of three.
She tells
the BBC one of her two sons began to argue "'jokey'-toned alt right
positions", asking questions like why black people could "copy white
culture but white people can't copy black culture". She began learning
about how other boys their age were sharing sexist and racist memes -
likely spreading from online forums.
Last week, Ms Schroeder's Twitter thread about parenting white boys
in a world rife with easy access to extremist viewpoints by monitoring
their social media and teaching empathy became a widespread talking
point, amassing nearly 180,000 likes, 8,500 comments and shares across
social platforms. "Not all jokes indicate your kid is buying into
dangerous ideology," she says. "The bigger question for parents to ask
themselves when their kids make racist, sexist or homophobic jokes is
whether their kids understand the deeper implications of what they're
saying."
But some derided her suggestions to track social media as an infringement on a child's privacy and an overreaction.
Others
said the arguments did not apply just to white boys, and focusing on
one race made the issue problematically less inclusive. They also
pointed the finger at mainstream media for conflating conservative or
non-liberal views and values with bigotry and white supremacy. Some experts say social media algorithms are
fuelling a worldwide rise in extremist views or conspiracies by creating
echo-chambers online. And while it's certainly not just boys who are
affected by internet propaganda, in the US at least, it seems that it is
driving young men in particular to lash out most violently.
One
teenager who replied to Ms Schroeder's tweet said: "I've seen this
happen to people that I was surrounded by in high school. Watched how
the divide formed between those that were heavily affected and those
that weren't." A gaming video on YouTube could include a suggestion to something political, for example.
"And
that is likely to be content carefully curated to attract young men,"
Ms Schroeder says. "After they watch one of those, the next videos in
the series may grow more and more extreme."
Earlier this month, the New York Times published an investigation
into the ways YouTube helped empower Brazil's far-right by
systematically recommending conspiracy channels and far-right content to
its users.
The Times reported that the effects of directing
viewers to this content have been seen in Brazilian schools, its public
health system, and of course, politics. Ahead of his election, President
Jair Bolsonaro was a star in Brazil's far-right YouTube community.
Tom
Rademacher, an eighth grade teacher in Minnesota, says schools can do
more to step in and "interrupt some of this radicalisation" without
knocking down any particular political or ideological groups.
"We
should be teaching critical thinking and empathy. We shouldn't be
teaching kids what to think, but we can teach kids how to listen to
people who think differently from them."
'Domestic terrorism'
The motivation behind mass shootings can vary enormously, and sometimes the police are unable to find a reason at all.
But
the FBI is increasingly ready to class such attacks as "domestic
terror" when appropriate - as it did recently with El Paso and the
garlic festival tragedy in California - which means it believes there is
a connection to a US-based group espousing a violent ideology.
In
July, FBI director Christopher Wray told the Senate that the majority
of domestic terrorism cases were "motivated by some version of what you
might call white supremacist violence".
Sociology Prof Margaret
Hagerman at Mississippi State University spent two years studying a
group of affluent white families and the way they discussed and taught
about race.
Prof Hagerman says she was surprised to learn that
many of these parents believed their children had no ideas about race
and were "colourblind".
"When I spent time one-on-one with the
kids or when they were with friends it was very apparent they had all
kinds of ideas about race, racism and inequality," she says. "Children
are learning about race in America through all different aspects of
their everyday lives."
She says parents should think about how
they construct their child's upbringing, and how living in a primarily
white neighbourhood and going to a primarily white school, for example,
might "convey particular messages" that leave children unprepared to
deal with encountering things like white supremacist ideologies online.
Media playback is unsupported on your device
Media captionOne thing Americans find hard to talk about"I often hear parents tell me they feel uncomfortable
talking about racism with other adults. I'm struck by that, because if
white adults can't have conversations about racism in America with other
white adults, I don't understand how they think they're prepared to
have those conversations with children."
Mr Rademacher described
one group of white boys in his classroom who repeatedly mocked race,
gender and sexuality in a way he believes came from online forums.
Scolding did nothing to curb the behaviour, so Mr Rademacher invited
them for a discussion over lunch instead.
One student told him
that "as white boys, they were so consistently worried about being
called racist that they made jokes to each other within their private
group chat almost as a form of gallows humour - to toy with the thing
that they were most scared of, felt the most attacked for."
Mr
Rademacher says that after a conversation about how to share their
feelings, some of the boys even joined the school's anti-racist
leadership group.
"They're still young boys," Mr Rademacher
emphasises. "They're trying to figure out where the line is. Why things
are funny and why things are offensive." And white teenagers are "ripe
for radicalisation" now amid broader cultural changes that make them
"feel like they're under attack" from mainstream society, he says.
Meme-culture,
gamer-culture and white nationalist culture can overlap and inform each
other, he adds, and it's all too easy for them to start with one and
travel to the other without knowing it.
What can be done?
Ms Schroeder says parents
need to intervene because children will not often stop to critically
examine the arguments they hear online. Ask where they heard the remark
and say you want to understand the context, she suggests.
"I
always try to start with, 'I know you never want to hurt anyone, so I
want to explain to you why that joke isn't appropriate and why it's
hurtful. That way you'll know why we don't want you to say that again.'"
Mr
Rademacher says it's important teachers keep in mind that parents can
get defensive too if their children are shamed. "Emailing a parent and
saying I think your kid is going to be a white nationalist - that's
irresponsible."
But many parents are worried about what their children have access to online. "The dumb mistakes we used to make are now the dumb
mistakes that make you national news for a week. So if you can have
parents be partners in that situation it's a lot better."Mr
Rademacher says that implementing some of these ideas into a yearlong
curriculum would be an easy way to tackle internet radicalisation. But
parents who fear it would be "anti-white" are mistaken.
"What I
mean is the classroom can be a place where kids can explore without
being shamed. When we apply shame to a group we are pushing them down a
much more negative path."
In Ms Schroeder's words: "Our kids need
to know that we expect them to be kind, respectful and honest - not
because we think they aren't those things already - but because we know
that they have innate goodness inside of them."
Comments